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The success of root canal treatment is not determined by instrumentation (shaping with files) alone. The complex root canal system contains many areas that a file cannot physically reach — isthmuses, lateral canals, and fins. The step that cleans and disinfects these areas is root canal irrigation. This article summarizes the evidence on irrigants and activation, together with safety considerations. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl): the leading agent Sodium hypochlorite is the mai

When caries extends deep and reaches the pulp (pulp exposure), or when a tooth is diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis, the standard approach has until now been pulpectomy (root canal treatment that removes the nerve). In recent years, however, vital pulp therapy (VPT) — preserving the vital pulp as far as possible — has been substantially reappraised, driven by advances in bioceramic materials and the accumulation of evidence. What is vital pulp therapy? Vital pulp therapy i